Diffuse mode bifurcation of soil causing convection-like shear investigated by group-theoretic image analysis

Diffuse mode bifurcation of soil under plane-strain compression test is shown, by means of an image analysis based on group-theoretic bifurcation theory, to trigger convection-like shear and to precede shear band formation. First digital photos of Toyoura sand specimens are processed by PIV (particle image velocimetry) to gather digitized images of deformation. Next bifurcation from a uniform state is detected by expanding these images into the double Fourier series and finding a predominant harmonic diffuse bifurcation mode based on that theory. This harmonic bifurcation mode, which is the mixture of a few harmonic functions, expresses complex convection-like shear. Last bifurcation from a non-uniform state is detected by decomposing each image into a few images with different symmetries to extract non-harmonic diffuse bifurcation modes. Diffuse modes of bifurcation, which hitherto were hidden behind predominant uniform compressive deformation, have thus been made transparent by virtue of the group-theoretic image analysis proposed. A possible course of deformation suggested herein is the evolution of diffuse mode bifurcation with a convection-like bifurcation mode breaking uniformity and symmetry, followed by the formation of shear bands through localization.     

Mechanism of Fatigue-Crack Growth under Compressive External Stresses

A specimen with a crack shaped like a thin long defect with parallel edges and a rounded tip of finite radius is considered. When the specimen is subjected to compressive cyclic loads, the stresses in zones adjacent to the crack tip vary according to a sign-variable cycle because of plastic strains occurring at the crack tip. This can cause fatigue-crack growth. Results of numerical simulations and experimental data support the possibility of fatigue-crack growth in the field of compressive external stresses. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 108–115, November–December, 2005.     

Asymptotic Axially Symmetric Deformations for Perfectly Elastic Neo-Hookean and Mooney Materials

For axially symmetric deformations of the perfectly elastic neo-Hookean and Mooney materials, formal series solutions are determined in terms of expansions in appropriate powers of 1/R, where R is the cylindrical polar coordinate for the material coordinates. Remarkably, for both the neo-Hookean and Mooney materials, the first three terms of such expansions can be completely determined analytically in terms of elementary integrals. From the incompressibility condition and the equilibrium equations, the six unknown deformation functions, appearing in the first three terms can be reduced to five formal integrations involving in total seven arbitrary constants A, B, C, D, E, H and k ², and a further five integration constants, making a total of 12 integration constants for the deformation field. The solutions obtained for the neo-Hookean material are applied to the problem of the axial compression of a cylindrical rubber tube which has bonded metal end-plates. The solution so determined is approximate in two senses; namely as an approximate solution of the governing equations and for which the stress free and displacement boundary conditions are satisfied in an average manner only. The resulting load-deflection relation is shown graphically. The solution so determined, although approximate, attempts to solve a problem not previously tackled in the literature.      

拉压性能不同材料全量型本构关系及厚壁筒的应力分析

将经典全量理论作了推广，考虑了应力状态及塑性体积变形对拉压性能不同材料的塑性行为的影响。应用该本构模型分别计算了厚壁筒在内压和外压作用下的应力分布。给出了径向应力、环向应力和轴向应力沿壁厚的分布图。将本文的计算解与拉压性能相同(不考虑体积变形、强化曲线唯一)的幂函数强化材料的厚壁筒的理论解进行了比较。结果表明，材料的拉压性能不同对厚壁筒的环向应力和轴向应力影响较大。因此，对于拉压性能不同材料，考虑到其对应力状态及塑性体积变形敏感时，是不能将其简化成拉压性能相同、体积不可压缩、强化曲线唯一的理想材料。     

Mechanical behaviour of the upper layers of a sandy loam soil under shear loading

The mechanical behaviour of the upper layers of a sandy loam soil was studied under standard triaxial compression and direct shear box tests. Variations of soil material properties were investigated at four different initial dry bulk densities of 1410, 1520, 1610 and 1670 kg/m³. Soil deformation and volume change under the triaxial compression loading were also studied at these bulk densities. Results from the two tests showed increases in the soil mechanical properties with the initial dry bulk density. The internal friction angle values measured with the triaxial compression apparatus exceeded those measured with the direct shear box. In contrast, the soil cohesion values measured with the direct shear box exceeded those measured with the triaxial compression apparatus. Under the triaxial compression test, the loose soil samples underwent contraction and volume reduction, whereas the dense samples swelled and failure cracks appeared clearly at various planes. The soil contraction for the former case characterizes the occurrence of soil compaction, whereas the cracks propagation and volume increase in the latter case characterizes the breaking up and loosening of soil during tillage operations. For the loose and moderately compacted states, the engineering Poisson's ratio increased with the axial strain until loading was completed. It also increased at the compacted and very compacted states until reaching given loading stages, after which its value started to decrease. This shifting in the engineering Poisson's ratio during loading may provide another identification of the moment of soil failure occurrence, in addition to that of the maximum shear stress.     

基于变形场测量数据主元压缩的模型参量反求方法

利用主元分析法对数字图像相关技术所测结构变形信息进行数据压缩,并进一步用于力学模型未知参量的反求计算。首先,为降低数字图像相关技术所测庞大数据的应用成本,提出利用主元分析法对结构表面变形场数据进行压缩,实现在保留结构表面变形信息主要特征的前提下显著降低数据量的目的;其次,针对压缩后的数据建立了基于最小二乘法的力学模型参量反求模型,并利用高斯牛顿法进行求解;最后,以具体算例从计算精度、收敛速度和抗噪性等方面验证了数据压缩对模型参量反求的效果。研究结果表明,所提方法在显著降低使用数据量的前提下,能够有效提高力学模型参量反求计算的收敛速度,特别是对于包含多个模型参数的反求问题,具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性。     

骨料对混凝土材料冲击压缩行为的影响

利用大尺寸Hopkinson压杆，以实验数据为依据，研究了四种不同骨料尺寸的普通混凝土材料和两种不同配比的钢纤维增强混凝土材料在冲击载荷下的压缩强度，从唯象的角度分析了骨料性质及其粒径对混凝土材料动态压缩性能的影响及可能的力学机理，为在工程上更好地利用混凝土材料提供一定的理论和实验的支持。     

轴压作用下充液圆柱壳屈曲的实验研究

本文从实验及理论两个方面对充满液体的圆柱壳在轴向压力作用下液体内压的变化进行了实际测试及理论定性分析．采用薄壳理论分析了屈曲前液体内压随轴向压力的变化规律，讨论了壳材料、几何参数及边界约束对内压的影响．通过实验实际测定了内压随轴向压力的变化规律．通过实验手段测定了充满液体的圆柱壳临界载荷、屈曲模态，讨论了充满液体的圆柱壳的承载能力等问题．     

TNT炸药动静态变温三轴压缩力学性能的试验研究

介绍了一种高能材料动静态变温三轴压缩试验装置，在熔点以下温度，通过对国产单质炸药ＴＮＴ在中等应变速率（２－４／ｓ）及准静态（３×１０－３／ｓ）条件下三轴压缩力学性能的测试，得出ＴＮＴ的杨氏模量Ｅ、泊松比ν和屈服极限Ｙ，以及当加载速率和温度改变时这些参数的变化规律。并提出三轴应力状态下屈服极限的一种确定方法。该三轴压缩试验装置以及三轴压缩应力状态下力学参数的测试、分析、处理系统为研究高能材料力学性能提供了一套完整的技术和手段。     

改进的 Morse 势和冲击压缩

用分子动力学方法模拟凝聚介质中一维分子链上的激波传播，以得到与冲击压缩实验相一致的结果。通过比较分子链上的孤立波解与激波的实验结果，提出对分子间Ｍｏｒｓｅ作用势进行与考虑量子效应相一致的修正，从而使分子动力学模拟得到的激波Ｕｓ－Ｕｐ关系与实验结果在波后粒子速度达到声速的范围内一致。